Rare Photographs by Andy Warhol Collate in ‘Voyages avec Warhol’ Exhibition

Rare Photographs by Andy Warhol Collate in ‘Voyages avec Warhol’ Exhibition

Andy Warhol is a talent beyond pop art, often picking up his 35mm Minox camera to capture photographs of his daily surroundings, fascinations, and moments. Ever an opportunist, having a camera in hand enabled Warhol to capture now-iconic imagery, of which more than 40 are now on display at the Voyages avec Warhol exhibition, presented by Château La Coste in collaboration with Hedges Projects.

Curated from the James R. Hedges, IV Collection, the collection includes imagery spotlighting dear friends of Warhol’s, like Halston, Dolly Parton, and Keith Haring. Likewise, we find lesser-known examples in the artist’s oeuvre, showcasing the interiors of cars he may have found or traveled in, airplanes, hotel lobby chandeliers and seedy toilets, as well as many examples from Warhol’s “Sex Parts and Torsos” collection examining the nude male form.

Voyages avec Warhol, which comes in conjunction with Rencontres d’Arles festival, is open to the public at La Bastide Gallery until September 10, 2023.

In other news, MSCHF is auctioning a hand bag that’s smaller than a grain of salt.

La Galerie Bastide
Château La Coste
2750 Route de la Cride
13610 Le Puy Sainte Raparade, France


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Abenaki Heritage Weekend offers a celebration that all can attend

Abenaki Heritage Weekend offers a celebration that all can attend


Abenaki at Maritime Museum

Courtesy Photo


On June 17-18, citizens of the New England Abenaki community will gather at Lake Champlain Maritime Museum to celebrate their history and heritage. Organized by the Vermont Abenaki Artists Association, this free event is open to the public from 11 a.m.-4 p.m. on Saturday and Sunday. 

One of the highlights is the Native Arts Marketplace of the Vermont Abenaki Artists Association, where visitors can talk to artists, watch craft demonstrations, and purchase outstanding beadwork, paintings, jewelry, wampum, woodwork, leatherwork, drums, and other items. 

“The variety and quality of the work created by our Abenaki artists is outstanding,” said Vera Longtoe Sheehan, Executive Director of the Vermont Abenaki Artists Association. “Some of our artists create traditional art and some create contemporary art, often inspired by tradition. If you are looking to purchase a special gift or something new for your collection, be sure to visit the Native Arts Marketplace.”

Throughout the weekend there will be activities of interest to everyone. Bring a picnic lunch and enjoy singing and drumming by the Nulhegan Drum — you may even be invited to drum with them. Children and adults alike should not miss storytelling by Abenaki author and historian Joseph Bruchac, and songs for the little ones with Francine Poitras Jones. 

Artists in the Arts Marketplace include Michael Descoteaux demonstrating the making of hand drums; Elnu Abenaki Elder Jim Taylor making wampum beads from whelk and quahog shells; and Linda Longtoe Sheehan weaving wampum, an intricate process using the shell beads. On Saturday, meet basketmaker Kerry Wood. On Sunday, visit the “Make and Take” table, where children can make a gift to bring home for Father’s Day.

A new special exhibit, Beyond the Curve: The American Abenaki Covid Experience will open during Heritage Weekend in the Schoolhouse Gallery, and will be on view all season. Artwork and stories by 20 American Abenaki artists illustrate the impact of the pandemic in the Abenaki homeland and the resilience of Abenaki people during troubled times. Meet the curator, Vera Longtoe Sheehan, for a gallery talk. 

Thanks to Vermont Humanities, Vermont Arts Council, and Vermont Department of Health for their sponsorship of the event. For more information on Abenaki Heritage Weekend, visit: AbenakiArt.org/abenaki-heritage-weekend.

Luminescence: Christy Lee Rogers’ extraordinary underwater photography

Luminescence: Christy Lee Rogers’ extraordinary underwater photography

This week’s photography feature explores the unique exposures captured by the rising experimental photographer Christy Lee Rogers. The Sony World Open Award Winner recently unveiled her latest collection, Luminescence, which comprises Baroque-style photographs created by submerging clothed models in dramatic lighting.

Hailing from Honolulu, Hawaii, Rogers is a visual artist specialising in underwater photography and videos, known for using Chiaroscuro lighting in much of her work. The other-worldly, intensely dramatic and colourful images she creates, as seen below, are often compared to paintings by Baroque artists such as Caravaggio or Rubens.

In 2019, Rogers won the coveted ‘Open Photographer of the Year’ award at the Sony World Photography Awards. She is also a two-time finalist in the Contemporary Talents Award, which is issued annually by the Foundation François Schneider in France. Rogers was also recently commissioned by Apple to use the powerful iPhone 11Pro’s cameras to create some underwater art.

Rogers uses multiple layers of light and dark water in her preferred medium to create the characteristically abstract and miraged effect reminiscent of classical paintings. Over the past decade, this method has been employed to create various images, some of which you might recognise from album covers, most notably that for Orchesography, the 2019 album of English new wave band Wang Chung. Elsewhere in the musical world, some of Rogers’ work was selected for display at the 2013–14 performance season of the Angers-Nantes Opera in France.

As a recent press release notes, Luminescence is the ability of certain objects to generate light through the excited state of its atoms when exposed to frequencies like ultraviolet light. Rogers uses this phenomenon as a metaphor for our own ability to focus on positive energy to bring optimism and colour to our surroundings.

This latest series – seen below – uses pitch-black pools with models illuminated by high-powered underwater spotlights for optimal contrast. The importance of such a contrast was prominently outlined in Aldous Huxley’s Heaven and Hell, an essay supplementary to The Doors of Perception.

“Light and colour tend to take on a preternatural quality when seen in the midst of environing darkness,” Huxley noted. “Fra Angelico’s ‘Crucifixion’ at the Louvre has a black background. So have the frescoes of the Passion painted by Andrea del Castagno for the nuns of Sant’ Appollonia at Florence. Hence the visionary intensity, the strange transporting power of these extraordinary works”.

Adding: “In an entirely different artistic and psychological context, the same device was often used by Goya in his etchings. Those flying men, that horse on the tightrope, the huge and ghastly incarnation of Fear – all of them stand out, as though floodlit, against a background of impenetrable night.”

Below, we present some images from Christy Lee Rogers’ Luminescence. More of her magnificent work can be seen on her website, and you can follow her on Instagram here.

Christy Lee Rodgers - Underwater PhotographyChristy Lee Rodgers - Underwater Photography
(Credits: Christy Lee Rodgers)
Christy Lee Rodgers - Underwater PhotographyChristy Lee Rodgers - Underwater Photography
(Credits: Christy Lee Rodgers)
Christy Lee Rodgers - Underwater PhotographyChristy Lee Rodgers - Underwater Photography
(Credits: Christy Lee Rodgers)
Christy Lee Rodgers - Underwater PhotographyChristy Lee Rodgers - Underwater Photography
(Credits: Christy Lee Rodgers)
Christy Lee Rodgers - Underwater PhotographyChristy Lee Rodgers - Underwater Photography
(Credits: Christy Lee Rodgers)
Christy Lee Rodgers - Underwater PhotographyChristy Lee Rodgers - Underwater Photography
(Credits: Christy Lee Rodgers)

Can you do art photography with a smartphone? Samsung’s “My World” exhibition says yes!

Can you do art photography with a smartphone? Samsung’s “My World” exhibition says yes!

“Mobile photography” and “camera phone” are catchphrases so overused nowadays that people have stopped paying attention to the essence of the matter. And that essence is the fact that our smartphones are perfectly capable of capturing stunning photos worthy of an art exhibition.

Samsung decided to show just that with its “My World” photo exhibition, shot solely with the Galaxy S23 Ultra. Now, that may or may not be a PR stunt, that’s irrelevant. The important thing is that some of the pictures I saw at the art hall were amazing. And what’s even more important is that most of you could achieve similar results with your S23 Ultra, or any other modern phone, for that matter, with just a little effort.

I know what you’re thinking right now: “Art exhibitions are booooring.” And you’re right to some extent. I’m not going to bore you with a sophisticated breakdown of every photo and try to find words in the dictionary that are super hard to pronounce and understand just for the sake of it. I’m going to do something completely different here. Try to share tips and tricks from the kitchen and help you snap the same amazing photos I saw at the exhibition.The beauty of it is that I’m not a photographer—not even close. I suck at taking good photos, even with a DSLR. My source and guru is Boni Bonev, one of the most famous modern Bulgarian photographers. You’ll be excused if you haven’t heard of him, but his work speaks for itself. And unlike many other famous artists, he doesn’t mind sharing all his little secrets when it comes to mobile photography. So, let’s get to it, shall we?

How to make stunning landscape shots with your smartphone

Landscape photography is one of the most popular among amateurs and professionals (we’ll leave pet photos out of these statistics). So, how do you snap a perfect landscape photo with your phone?

Composition: This is the most important thing in landscape photography. Most of the time, the objects you photograph are static, so you have some freedom to arrange the shot as you like. Don’t fill your shot with too many objects, use negative space—large open areas of sky, sea, or something plain with not a lot of details. Using negative space emphasizes the other (and more important) objects in your shot.

Rule of Thirds: This is a very important aspect, so it deserves a separate bullet point (even though it’s technically part of composition). When you have land and sky (or sea and sky) in your shot, you need to balance the part that you want to emphasize. If there are birds in the sky as your main element, the horizon should, in general, be placed in the lower part of the shot. If you’re focusing on a range of mountains or some majestic trees, the horizon should be drawn higher, leaving roughly two thirds of land and one third of sky in the shot.

The Golden Hour: Lighting is super important when it comes to photography, and even more important when your sensor is as tiny as your fingernail. Smartphones can snap some amazing photos if there’s enough light at the scene, but it’s important to know that there’s a specific time of the day called the “golden hour”, which is just after sunrise and before sunset. Shadows are soft, and light falls at an angle, creating distinct shadows and emphasizing objects you photograph.

Reflections: A very powerful tool in every photographer’s arsenal. When shooting landscapes, you can make use of water or other reflective surfaces to add spice to your shot. Reflections create symmetry, which our brain automatically finds pleasing. You can also use reflections to show something that’s not in your original frame.

How to make stunning portrait shots with your smartphone

Easy! Just turn “portrait mode” on, and you’re all set. I’m joking, of course, it’s not that simple. Even though the “bokeh” effect (blurring the background) is a powerful portrait tool, it’s not the only one. You can make your portraits stand out even if your phone doesn’t support bokeh or the aforementioned portrait mode is not very good. Here’s how.

Use the light: The sole purpose of bokeh is to emphasize the object you’re shooting. This can be done using light alone. Make sure the face of the person you’re photographing is well lit while the background is darker.

Background colors: Sometimes you can’t play with light, that’s where background colors come into play. You can use solid and soft colors for the background, or do it vice versa—use something extremely bright. The goal is to create the necessary contrast to emphasize the face you’re photographing.

Mind the distance: The best portrait shots (the ones you see at art exhibitions) are shot from a pretty close distance. Don’t be afraid to move in closer, this will allow you to leave distractions off your shot and focus on the face of the person you’re shooting.

Go monochrome: Another great tool that must be used with caution. Removing colors from your portrait shot could remove distractions and bring out shadows and other composition elements in your shot.

How to make great night shots with your smartphone

That’s a tricky one! Some people argue that smartphones now have better algorithms and software for HDR stitching than regular cameras and can produce better shots. It really depends on what you’re looking for. If you want to delve into night photography at the semi-pro or pro level, you’d be better off turning that night mode off.

Bring a tripod: This is probably the most important thing here, night shots require a steady hand due to the long exposure. Bringing a portable tripod or even a selfie stick you can mount somewhere will dramatically improve your nighttime results.

Use a timer: If you don’t have a Bluetooth remote shutter, use a timer (if you can) when making nighttime shots. Touching the phone will result in movement, and at long exposures, this will ruin your shot. All of the aforementioned composition tips apply here as well.

How to make great macro shots with your smartphone

Smartphones are great at macro shots due to the depth of field of their cameras. Most modern smartphones can focus at distances as close as 2–4 cm.

Use manual focus: When you’re trying to photograph objects that are close to your phone, autofocus can and will play tricks on you. The best way is to use a stand or a tripod and manually focus on the part you wish to emphasize in your shot.

Pick your object: When going down the magnifying route, picking the right object is maybe the most important thing. Take an everyday object and make it mysterious and indistinguishable by shooting it in macro mode. Flower buds could look like mushrooms, sand could turn into a mountain range, use your imagination.

Start tapping on that shutter button

These tips and tricks only scratch the surface of photography and mobile photography. But it’s better this way, most people would instantly close the article the moment they saw shutter speeds, exposure times, and ISO settings.I hope these simple tips and ideas were helpful, and next time you take out your phone to make a shot, you remember one or two of them. All this goes with the disclaimer that photography is an art form full of complexity, and it’s not an easy thing to master, whether a smartphone or a real camera is involved.

Savor Extraordinary Journeys, Wildlife, Photography With Netflix’s New ‘Our Planet II’

Savor Extraordinary Journeys, Wildlife, Photography With Netflix’s New ‘Our Planet II’

Wander the world with wide-eyed wonder from the ease of your armchair, as Our Planet II, an inspiring new Netflix four-episode docuseries (premieres June 14), unveils answers to mysteries about why and how billions of animals relentlessly migrate — phenomenal travel adventures that have criss-crossed our globe for millennia. Silverback Films and its Emmy Award-winning team behind Planet Earth and Our Planet dazzle once again with gorgeous swoop-and-soar, dive-and-discover, cutting-edge cinematography, which showcases intimate storylines that are pulse-racing, perilous, enlightening, tender and joyful. “Only now are we beginning to understand that all life on Earth depends on the freedom to move,” declares narrator Sir David Attenborough, British author, biologist, broadcaster and natural historian, whose famously gold-standard soothing voice resonates. “Experience the extraordinary journeys that shape our world,” he invites. “For many animals, the instinct to move is overwhelming, despite the dangers. But for every trip that ends in tragedy, countless millions reach their destination.” This is an opportunity to peek at far-flung getaways and creatures that you might otherwise never see. Orchestrating this ambitious project, the program’s crew touched down in 21 countries on seven continents, tallying up 934 filming days, 292 travel days and 85 quarantine days. More than 200 people were involved in creating the show, including 50 camera operators. Special kudos to music composers Jasha Klebe and Thomas Farnon, who have scored stellar high notes for this production; the official soundtrack (released June 14) is available to stream/download on Amazon and other major digital music services. Series Producer Huw Cordey and Executive Producer Keith Scholey share their personal behind-the-scenes insights below.

Four thematic narratives — World on the Move, Following the Sun, The Next Generation and Freedom to Roam — weave this extravaganza together. Each episode covers three months of Earth’s orbit, celebrating key animal movements. At every hour of every day, astonishing masses of animals — gigantic and minuscule; in the air, on the ground, throughout the seas — are guided by instinct, sun position and a compass-like mental-mapping agility that is intrinsic to their essence, replicating the same often arduous routes that their ancestors followed eons ago, seeking havens to eat, drink, breed, give birth and secure safety. Each episode culminates with a cliffhanger.

Elegant drone shots record landscapes’ grandeur, as well as ride the skies alongside flocks of birds, so proximate that you can stare at their eyes and almost sense the air currents uplifting their wings. Newly advanced low-light camera technology now makes possible documentation of night activities and the infiltration of darkest rainforest hideaways. Underwater camera submergence spotlights splashy revelations.

For travel lovers, destinations abound. Among the favorites: lions and buffalo in Botswana; humpback whales in the Bering Sea; Laysan albatross and tiger sharks in the Northern Hawaiian Islands; lions, zebras and wildebeests in Tanzania’s Serengeti; rarely seen Tawaki penguins in Fiordland, New Zealand; elusive pumas in Patagonia; nesting turtles on Mexico’s Escobilla Beach; elephant seals in the Falkland Islands; Gentoo penguins in Antarctica; gray whales off the coasts of California and Mexico; orcas (killer whales) hunting in California’s Monterey Bay and, in the Himalayas, Demoiselle cranes that forge the most strenuous migration of any bird species, navigating at heights of almost five miles above sea level over the stupendous Asian mountain range and continuing across the desolate Gobi Desert in Mongolia before wintering in Khichan, India, where villagers kindly welcome them.

Understanding The Importance of Migration

Huw Cordey, Series Producer: “The integrity of every habitat is dependent on the animals moving in and out of it, particularly those in the more Northern and Southern parts of our planet. But, even in jungles along the Equator, you have animals moving very large distances. Movement is absolutely fundamental to every single habitat on Earth.”

Keith Scholey, Executive Producer: “It’s also about the life cycles of animals, and how crazy they sometimes are. The journey of the sockeye salmon is familiar, but I think a lot of people don’t realize that they are actually programmed to breed and die. They spend their life as an ocean fish until that one journey up the river.”

Embracing a Team Spirit

Scholey: “The scientists in the field, the ones who live in these remote places, are the people who know those stories. We are totally dependent upon their knowledge and their skills. Once we actually get on location, our experienced producers, directors and cinematographers can jump in and choose which of those stories to follow.”

Cordey: “That’s why I don’t believe in storyboards for wildlife films. It’s not that we don’t think very carefully about the sequences that we’re going to film, but if you go into a shoot with a storyboard, you will miss important things. Animals don’t read scripts. They do unexpected things and you have to be prepared. I try to get my teams to tear up the shot list at the airport. But we can’t make films without the scientists, or at least the scientific information that they provide.”

Scholey: “When that perfect combination of scientists and filmmakers come together, it’s really powerful. Sometimes the scientists even look at our footage and say, ‘Wow, I never knew that. That’s really helpful.’”

Cordey: “Obviously this is an entertainment series, and we do need to get the big iconic animals in there. But while the audience might come to it for polar bears and lions, I always think the things they remember are the smaller stories. Locusts, for example. Christmas Island crablets. When it comes to migrating animals, some of the best stories are birds, because of the distances they travel. We tried to use a balanced approach, and keep in mind that some shoots won’t work out the way we hoped they would. Although I have to say that for a project that was three years in the making, covering many different species across every single continent, there was very little that didn’t work out – which is, in my experience, quite unusual. I think we got a little lucky with some of the stories, but our research was also very good.”

Excelling at Exciting Film Advances

Cordey: “Nighttime and drone technology have vastly improved in the last five years. Macro technology, too – there are some very, very innovative macro lenses out there. Our bee shoot is a good example of a very special grip. It was designed by the cameraman that shot the bee story, and the whole shoot was probably a year in the planning. We were working with some very experienced beekeepers in Germany, as well as a photographer who has done an amazing book on bees and a scientist who had been studying bees for years. That was a classic example of where we’re dipping into years of experience to try to film the very best sequence we possibly can.”

Surprising With Spectacular Animal Stories

Cordey: “In the case of the Laysan albatross, we had the rare opportunity to spend almost the entire shoot following the trials and tribulations of a single chick. There it was — this big, chunky chick — and we could just stick with it for six weeks. The shoot itself was very interesting: It took six days to sail there from Hawaii, and I believe we are the first natural history series to film the maiden flight of a Laysan albatross. They’re the longest-lived birds of all, and they take this enormous journey around the planet for years before they breed for the first time. The original idea was to do an underwater shoot with the tiger sharks waiting in the shallows at Laysan, but the first day the tiger sharks were around, the crew got into these inflatable boats — and two sharks attacked them. It was like something out of Jaws. The crew was panicked, and basically made an emergency landing on the sand.”

Talking About The Impact of Climate Change

Cordey: “The changing world is very noticeable at the poles, the ends of the world. We were on a boat in the Arctic for a month, and our sightings of polar bears were virtually nil. We got [an] amazing sequence in the last 48 hours — the crew came across that mother and her two cubs and they were immediately on it. The audience is almost seeing it unfold in real time. The polar bear mother climbs on the island, followed by one cub, and the second cub just couldn’t do it. There were hardened Arctic watchers on that boat who were in tears, because they thought it was just so sad…. In the narration, I think David [Attenborough] handles it very well, because he tells you what’s going on. But as is always the way with David, he doesn’t push it. He just says, ‘Look, this is how it is.’ Where we witness unsettling scenes, we think sometimes you have to show the audience for them to really understand. It’s a delicate balance though, across the whole show. I think we have a duty of care.”

Cordey: “Animals move for a better life. As climate change makes things more difficult, the need to move is even greater. Of course, there’s a huge analogy there with humans, and it’s pretty understandable. If you grow up in a place where you can barely grow food to feed your family, you’re going to want to move.”

Scholey: “The underlying environmental story of Our Planet II is that to have a healthy planet, you can’t have borders. You have to let life roam. We as humans like to divide the world. We like to have territory and we like to protect our borders and stop movement. We have to use our intelligence to look at the natural world and compensate for this tendency of ours, if we want to actually allow the natural world to function. Because so many ecosystems on which we ultimately rely for our agricultural health need to have this movement of nature.”

Balancing Tourism and Conservation

Scholey: “Through my career, I’ve seen this really interesting scenario happen with the natural world. The big picture is that habitats are being destroyed, and there is less wildlife in the world than when I started. So that’s the downside. The upside is that there have been more people studying the natural world, and in some places, there has been intense conservation. That has led to two things: more knowledge, but actually more habituation.”

Cordey: “Places that become more protected get tourism, and through tourism, animals become more used to humans. They don’t see us as a threat. But it is the most extraordinary thing to get that close to a large, dangerous predator on foot, like a puma. That’s the most surprising thing. The crew did come across a male puma that was on a kill. It wasn’t one of the habituated animals, and he looked extraordinarily angry. They had to back off really, really quickly. So it’s not the species, it’s individuals.”

Bringing back “the magic” of film photography

Bringing back “the magic” of film photography
image

The rise of digital photography seemed to signal the end of analog for a Longview resident but he’s aiming to change that by bringing film back to the community in a familiar way.

Jamie Maldonado is a local photographer with a masters degree in Studio Art from Texas A&M Commerce. He previously served as an assistant at Kilgore College where he said he fostered his love of photography. Now, Maldonado wants to give back to the community by opening a nonprofit community darkroom he’s calling the Piney Woods Darkroom.

Over the last several years, he’s been thinking of ideas related to film photography and the one he kept returning to was of a film lab, he said. After speaking with a fellow photographer friend who runs a community darkroom in California, Maldonado was struck by the similarity to what he used to do at Kilgore College.

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“We had a darkroom and classes and everything and I’m like, we don’t have that anymore, all those are gone and there’s nowhere to even buy film anymore and I started thinking about if there’s enough activity and action in East Texas that this could work and I started looking around,” he explained.

He knows several photographers who shoot film and have recently got into the practice and realized there may be a market locally for film photography and development, he said.

In Maldonado’s opinion, digital photography definitely has its merits as a faster medium that lends itself to assignment work like journalism, quick turnaround commercial portraits and general photography. However, while snapping unlimited photos sounds like a great idea, it can create its own issues, he said.

Digital photography allows for capturing thousands of photos quickly, most of which don’t end up being used and only the best few make it through, he said. This can lead to losing faith in one’s ability as a photographer and prioritizing quantity over quality, he said.

“It becomes almost a frantic concern that you’re gonna miss a moment and you gotta keep shooting,” he said.

Shooting with a film camera brings back the “magic” of not knowing how a photo turned out until it’s been developed, which makes the photographer have to trust themselves again, he said.

Younger generations are also discovering the tangible benefits that come with film photography, he said. 

“For people who grew up with things only on their phones, it’s a different thing to hold a picture in your hand,” he said.

Not only does film photography not come with the distractions of screen notifications or charging a battery, film cameras are also safe from being hacked and having its photos stolen, he said.

“There is the novelty factor for young people but I noticed older people also are rediscovering it and appreciating that it’s more stripped down (than digital photography),” he said.

Maldonado plans to teach workshops and courses at the darkroom including basics like how to manage the lab. The darkroom would provide access to specialized sinks, photo enlargers, developing tanks, scanners, books, photo editing software and more, he said. It would be open to adults 18 years of age and older, with younger photographers potentially having access via parent accompaniment, he said.

While there would be a session fee to use the darkroom, he wants the facility to be accessible and aims to make it as affordable as possible.

Maldonado has launched a fundraiser to help get the Piney Woods Darkroom established and on its feet. According to him, the project could cost anywhere between $5,000 and $20,000 depending on what’s included. He’s set a flexible goal of $10,000 which would go toward renting a space and building it up with all the needed materials. 

Since starting the fundraiser, he’s raised $4,200 through an Indiegogo page and his website, he said. Once the darkroom is established and operating for a period of time, he’ll be able to apply for grants and establish a funding base, he said.

Two local fundraising events are set to come up, one on Friday at The Foundry in Tyler and one at the next Longview ArtWalk on July 6 at Silver Grizzly Espresso. The fundraiser will include 8×10 inch polaroid portraits with the proceeds going to fund the darkroom, he said.

To donate or for more information visit tinyurl.com/fa7p2tvm or pineywoodsdarkroom.org

Fordism Comes to the Gallery—and AI Comes for the Artists

Fordism Comes to the Gallery—and AI Comes for the Artists

“The keyword of the new [20th] century was modernity. Modernity meant believing in technology and not craft, human perfectibility, not original sin. And above all in a ceaseless consumption of things and the images of things.”

—Robert Hughes, The Shock of the New,
Episode One: “Mechanical Paradise”

In recent years, the tech industry’s tendency towards promotional mania has accelerated at a rate of speed that might have surprised even Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. From crypto to NFTs to the metaverse, there have been successive waves of supposedly bold futures ushered on and off stage as if through a revolving door.

Enter AI art, stage left. From The New York Times to the Los Angeles Times, to The Atlantic and many more besides, the topic of AI art is nearly impossible to avoid in media. Unlike previous waves however, AI art shows signs that it will have a more lasting and profound impact.

In preparation for writing this essay, I did a bit of searching on Twitter (that carousel, spinning ever faster, in a burning house) for the phrase “AI Art.” Although, as a technologist and critic of the tech industry generally—and its so-called “AI” manifestation specifically—I am familiar with the mechanics of systems such as Dall-E, and products such as Microsoft Designer, I was curious to see how the application of algorithmic systems to the creation of art was being discussed and presented.

Judging from the results (and here you may assume the usual caveat about my method being “unscientific”), there are two opposed camps, shouting past each other, with clashing incentives: the artists who, rightfully, understanding that systems such as Stable Diffusion are built upon using their work without payment or attribution, are raising alarms, and the AI enthusiasts, companies, and camp followers declaring that the sci-fi future of their dreams has, at long last, arrived.

My own sympathies are entirely with the artists, whom I see as fellow workers and targets of exploitation. Besides, it’s difficult to have too much fellow feeling for whoever is behind efforts such as “Dream Girl AI” or “taylor swift ai art” producing an unending stream of synthetic images, each different in setting and yet identical in dull affect.

But if we can leave questions of aesthetics—and, for the moment, exploitation (or, as many artists unequivocally describe it, theft)—aside, the questions that next come to mind are: Why is this happening? And why is it happening now? Why, to put it in material terms, was Stability AI, (for example)—the organization behind Stable Diffusion—recently able to raise $ 101 million in funding? Who is looking to benefit from so-called AI art—and how?

The answer can be found in Fordism—the application of industrial methods of production and consumption named after Henry Ford—to the creation of art or, more precisely, images. This has been tried in the past: Andy Warhol’s Factory, nearly anything by Jeff Koons, and the mass reproduction of Keith Haring’s “Dancing Man” are three celebrated examples. But with the creation of systems for ingesting existing art as patterns, and then, using those patterns as the raw material for generating “new” images via text prompt, this is being industrialized on a scale Warhol’s Marilyn only hinted at.

Walter Benjamin, in his 1953 essay “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction,” described the 20th-century social and technological conditions that, in time, would inform the work of these later artists as they (very deliberately) embraced the age of mechanized reproduction:

In principle a work of art has always been reproducible. Man-made artifacts could always be imitated by men. Replicas were made by pupils in practice of their craft, by masters for diffusing their works, and, finally, by third parties in the pursuit of gain. Mechanical reproduction of a work of art, however, represents something new.

Later in his essay, Benjamin defines the “newness” of mechanical reproduction as being its impact on a key aspect of art across time—“authenticity”:

The authenticity of a thing is the essence of all that is transmissible from its beginning, ranging from its substantive duration to its testimony to the history which it has experienced. Since the historical testimony rests on the authenticity, the former, too, is jeopardized by reproduction when substantive duration ceases to matter. And what is really jeopardized when the historical testimony is affected is the authority of the object.

By applying computation on a massive scale, in an updated application of Fordist methods, to the creation of art, Silicon Valley completes this break with authenticity. There is, for these systems, no artist (besides those whose body of work form the foundational data sets); there are only images.

By using the term “Fordism” to describe AI art, I’m not merely employing a (hopefully) clever metaphor, but also recentering the role of profit incentives—always at the heart of capitalist activity—in this still unfolding story. I’m thinking of the art market and the fact that, even at its most exploitative, prior to the creation of Fordist image production via algorithm, there was still the requirement to involve and pay an actual human artist. If you wanted a reproduction of a Caravaggio fresco on the wall of your McMansion, you had no choice but to find a talented artist to paint it for you. Gallery owners needed a stream of work from both new and established artists to attract sales. Though deeply flawed in ways artists are very familiar with, the art market still demands what could be called bespoke creative labor in much the same way auto manufacturing, prior to Ford’s Taylorist innovations of the early 20th century, required skilled artisans who shaped materials into moving machines.

Whether high art or low, kitsch or avant-garde, the production of art remained safe at the point of creation (if not reproduction) from being consumed by automation—and protected, therefore, from the tech industry’s well-worn rentier tactic of imposing itself between us and the things we need. (Not to mention the things we merely want, from the ability to create and record texts to the music we wish to listen to.) The application of machine learning methods such as diffusion (which, in brief, uses a process of iterative processing—diffusion—matching output to text input) to image creation threatens to disrupt (in a real, and not simply a marketing sense) the relationship between artist and creation. Not by using machines that can match, let alone exceed, human creativity but by narrowing the definition of art to fit within the confines of what image synthesis systems can do.

To get a better understanding of what I mean by the term “Fordist image production,” consider the system, DALL-E, produced by OpenAI. Like other such systems, DALL-E (and it’s still-in-development successor, DALL-E 2) can produce visuals based on text prompts. You can, for example, type as input, “a dog, playing with a ball in the style of Picasso” and the system, using its combined corpuses of text and images, will output a synthetic result that more or less meets the criteria (more information about how DALL-E works is here).

As part of the DALL-E 2 development program called “Extending Creativity” (the use of “extending” here is intriguing, suggesting something in need of amplification or modification—much the way binoculars extend the range of vision), OpenAI stated that it enlisted the help of “more than 3,000 artists from more than 118 countries [who] have incorporated DALL·E into their creative workflows.” One effort was OpenAI”s collaboration with Austrian artist, writer, and curator Stefan Kutzenberger which OpenAI describes as

a project conceived by Austrian artist Stefan Kutzenberger and Clara Blume, Head of the Open Austria Art + Tech Lab in San Francisco, DALL·E was used to bring the poetry of revolutionary painter Egon Schiele into the visual world. Schiele died at 28, but Kutzenberger—a curator at the Leopold Museum in Vienna, which houses the world”s largest collection of Schiele’s works—believes that DALL·E gives the world a glimpse of what Schiele’s later work might have been like if he had had a chance to keep painting. The DALL·E works will be exhibited alongside Schiele’s collection in the Leopold Museum in the coming months.

The project uses DALL-E to create new works in the style of an artist who died over a hundred years ago. One of Kutzenberger’s prompts was “A painting of tall trees walking along a road, with chirping and trembling birds in front of a white sky in them in the style of Austrian expressionist Egon Schiele.” Time has, sadly but quite naturally, deprived us of Schiele himself. But through the use of DALL-E as an image production assembly line, the relationship between artist and image is deconstructed and used as raw material—like parts in a Ford assembly plan—for the manufacture of supposedly new images. Yet the resulting images, forever dependent on the past—on Schiele’s existing work—are actually old, trapping the viewer in a time loop of kitsch, presented as brilliantly new.

In 1928, construction of the Ford Motor Company’s sprawling River Rogue facility was completed. As an integrated manufacturing complex, River Rogue combined the ingestion and processing of raw materials with the production, via assembly line, of automobiles. So-called “AI art” systems such as DALL-E are also integrated manufacturing complexes (data centers instead of auto plants) ingesting our text and images as raw material to create a method for removing the artist from the art. And unlike River Rouge, whose workers’ efforts to organize in 1936, under the slogan “Unionism, Not Fordism,” were met with brutal beatings—a public relations disaster for the company that helped lead, within just a few years, to the recognition of the United Auto Workers—DALL-E’s employers never have to worry about strikes. Which perhaps is also the point.