Park ranger and a school of bigeye trevally, Cabo Pulmo, Mexico, 2015

‘Once in a while, I get an email from people telling me that, thanks to a photograph that they saw somewhere, they began scuba diving. Some mentioned the photographs helped them lose their fear of underwater animals or the fear of not knowing what is beneath them in the water. If you begin to dive, you will love the ocean and that’s the very first step towards sea protection and sea regulation’ – Anuar Patjane

Photograph: Anuar Patjane/Thames & Hudson

Scientists from GIST (Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology) have made a groundbreaking leap in artificial intelligence by developing an AI algorithm that can convert color photos to black-and-white with professional finesse. This advancement by Professor Jun Haegon’s research team emulates the correction techniques of black-and-white photographers to render color images into stunning monochrome.

Black-and-white photography, free from the distractions of color, allows artists to accentuate texture, lines, patterns, and contrasts. This form of expression has gained renewed interest on social media platforms like Instagram for its aesthetic appeal. To create the cutting-edge algorithm, the GIST team enlisted three professional photographers, each contributing 5,000 images to create a diverse dataset of 15,000 black-and-white pictures that incorporate their unique styles.

Further refining their approach, the researchers classified the dataset based on which photographer edited the image and according to the specific subject matter featured in each photo. By implementing deep metric learning neural networks, the team succeeded in producing artistically superior black-and-white photographs.

In a study testing preferences between their algorithm’s output and generic filters from popular smartphones and Instagram, the AI-developed images were the clear favorite among the general public. Even in comparing the original black-and-white versions of movies, like “Parasite” and “Mad Max,” to those treated with the AI algorithm, participants showed an overwhelming preference for the latter.

The AI breakthrough promises to democratize high-quality black-and-white photography, once the exclusive domain of those with significant background knowledge and expensive equipment. The research findings are scheduled for presentation in June at CVPR, the premier computer vision event, heralding a new era for photo editing applications and media post-processing.

Current Market Trends:
The integration of AI technology in photography has been accelerating, with numerous applications ranging from photo editing to automated photo categorization. The demand for AI in imaging technology is mainly due to the proliferation of smartphones and social media, where users continually seek tools to enhance their photographic content. Services like Adobe Photoshop and Lightroom already use AI to assist with complex image editing tasks.

In the realm of professional photography, AI is being leveraged to streamline workflows, enhance photo quality, and even to generate art. Tech companies are investing in AI algorithms to improve camera performance, including computational photography techniques that blend multiple images to improve dynamic range and reduce noise.

Moreover, AI is being applied in the restoration of historical black-and-white photographs, where it colorizes and enhances old images to modern standards. The trend towards nostalgia in social media, as seen with the popularity of filters that mimic film and vintage photos, suggests that AI tools like the one developed by GIST will be well received.

Forecasts:
Going forward, it’s expected that the AI-assisted black-and-white photography market will continue to grow as both consumers and professionals seek to create impactful, timeless images with ease. The AI algorithms will become more sophisticated, possibly integrating with various platforms and applications.

Key Challenges or Controversies:
However, despite the excitement surrounding AI in photography, several challenges persist. The balance between artistic intent and automated processes raises concerns: Can an algorithm truly replicate the creative decisions of a human artist? Also, the topic of authenticity in art comes into question when AI is heavily involved in the creative process.

Furthermore, there is the risk of job displacement in industries traditionally relying on human skills, such as professional photo editing. Lastly, there are ethical considerations regarding the potential misuse of AI technology, such as creating convincing forgeries or deepfakes.

Important Questions:
1. How does the new algorithm actually replicate the nuanced work of professional photographers?
2. What implications does this technology have for the future of photography and art?
3. Will the integration of AI in photography reduce the need for human photographers or enhance their capabilities?

Advantages and Disadvantages:
Advantages:
– Greater accessibility to professional-grade photo editing.
– Time-saving for artists and photographers.
– Consistency in applying a unique style across multiple photos.
– Democratization of high-quality black-and-white photography.

Disadvantage:
– Potential loss of artistic individuality and human touch.
– Oversaturation of market with AI-enhanced photos, possibly devaluing the skill of manual photo editing.
– Ethical concerns regarding the dependence on and trust in algorithms to create art.

For those interested in the latest advancements in AI and its applications in various domains, you may refer to the official websites of leading tech and research institutions for up-to-date information. Explore these resources by visiting Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology and CVPR for details on the upcoming conference where this research will be presented.

But during the 19th century and first half of the 20th, the library’s collection of photographic works was essentially a French one, Triebel says.

Hoping to diversify it and give it more international scope, and recognising the rising prominence of American photographers, Lemagny planned a networking trip to New York, with a meeting with Arbus seemingly in the books.

But for one reason or another, that meeting never materialised, says Triebel. “When he came back to Paris, he found a letter from her saying, ‘I’m so sorry, it was a bad time, and we didn’t manage to meet. Could I sell to French National Library a few of my photographs?’”

Today, this group of 20 prints has become one of the most prized parts of BnF’s extensive photography collection, and two of the most well-known works – Identical Twins and Triplets in Their Bedroom, New Jersey, United States (1963, printed 1969) – can be seen in Hong Kong as part of the BnF’s collaboration with the M+ museum of visual culture in the West Kowloon Cultural District.

For Triebel, part of the reason BnF chose to curate an exhibition centred around black-and-white photography – which was first conceived for the Grand Palais in Paris – is because of the medium’s “enduring power”, and its role in the history of photography.

First, she says, there’s the practical and economic accessibility.

“It’s easy to create in black and white because the material is not expensive. You may create your own print in your bathroom. For colour, you have to go to a laboratory, you have to go to someone else who will print for you, so it’s much more difficult, and it’s also much more expensive for young photographers, for beginners.”

Pauline Yao, the lead curator of visual art at M+, adds that there’s an additional artistic dimension to black-and-white photography because of the printing process.

“It’s a medium that has been more hands-on,” she says. “There’s a handcrafted nature to it that I think is unique amongst the medium, because people who are working in it are really close to that actual process of making the print.”

The ability of black-and-white photography to transcend time also provided a strong foundation for the powerful exhibition.

“Black and white has the power to create a sense of intemporality,” Triebel says. “You have, side by side in the exhibition, sometimes prints that have 20, 30 years of distance, and you don’t have [that] impression.”

“Noir & Blanc” is split into three thematic sections, all of which highlight aesthetic elements of black-and-white photography. The first, “Aiming for Contrast”, focuses on the two opposing values of black and white, of light and dark.

Notable photographs in this section include Arbus’s works, both photographs that look ordinary upon first glance but come across as increasingly unsettling after one notices the incongruence between the twins’ and triplets’ alikeness and their distinct facial expressions.

Meanwhile, Jug and Fruit, Connecticut, United States (1915, printed 1976) by American photographer Paul Strand brings to light the history of the printing process and the technological transformations it has undergone.

“At the beginning, it was not possible to have a perfect black and white as we may have now, due to … the sensibility of the negative plates,” Triebel says. That’s why Strand actually painted the jug in black before photographing it. “He was, as we said, aiming for contrast.”

Filipino artist explores her ‘Chineseness’ in Hong Kong show Tracings

Other images in this section include Hong Kong photographer Yau Leung’s Two Women (Gloucester Road) (1961), who wear contrasting cheongsams, and American photographer Imogen Cunningham’s Two Callas (1925, printed ca. 1970), a sharp, detailed image that offers a feeling of sensuality.

“Contrast is what creates a really powerful image,” Yao says. “You have to remind yourself, if you’re seeing this in colour, it wouldn’t have the same effect at all.

“There’s something about the medium of black and white that can create a visual potency and also an expressive efficiency, as they say – efficient in expressing something, because it’s just these two values, and you can juxtapose them in certain kinds of ways.

“One little detail can pop out much more. With colour, you might be lost with all the colours going on, and you wouldn’t catch that.”

The second section, “Light and Shadow”, focuses on how photographers use light to express varying moods and illuminate different textures.

One such example is Cleaning Woman Working the Night Shift at City Services Building, New York (1945, printed ca. 1960) by American photographer Weegee (Arthur Fellig), who was born in 1899 in what was then Austria-Hungary.

“You look at it, and it just looks like a black photo with a tiny, white figure, but when you really use your eyes to get the right angle, you can see the detail of the floor come up,” Yao says.

“You just appreciate the technique, and you appreciate that there’s such a nuance that our eyes are able to discover, which we wouldn’t see on the screen. We wouldn’t notice this if we’re looking on the phone.”

Also in this section is the famed photograph Behind the Gare Saint-Lazare, Place de l’Europe, Paris, France (1932, printed ca. 1950) by Henri Cartier-Bresson. A prime example of the French photographer’s concept of “the decisive moment”, the image features a man leaping above the water and his reflection, just before his foot breaks the surface.

Electricity – Nine Rayogrammes for Parisian Electricity Distribution Company (1931) is a commercial showcase – one that is rarely collectively exhibited today – of Ray’s signature experimental style.

The final section of “Noir & Blanc”, titled “Colour Chart”, showcases the tonalities and gradation of light from white to black. Pepper, No. 30 (1929, printed 1971), one of American photographer Edward Weston’s most notable still lifes, sees the dimensionality of a green pepper and resulting tones highlighted by a light from above.

“Thanks to these three thematics – contrast, light and shadow, and tonalities – I think that the public will easily understand the aesthetic power of black and white, and why it remains so important nowadays,” Triebel says.

“You think of [black-and-white] photography as representing reality and capturing our world – but actually, it’s not the way we see the world, because we don’t see in black and white, we see in colour,” Yao adds.

“So black and white does actually create moments of abstraction and makes our world that’s familiar feel unfamiliar, or there can be a strangeness or oddness that’s added in. It’s a very unique medium.”

“Noir & Blanc – A Story of Photography”, Main Hall Gallery, M+, West Kowloon Cultural District, 38 Museum Drive, Kowloon, Tue-Thurs and weekends, 10am-6pm, Fri 10am-10pm. Until July 1. Tickets can be bought on the M+ website.